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- [Kathy] Well, I want to thank you

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for giving us the opportunity
to share this mission

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and the other discovery missions.

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It's really great to have this interaction

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with the exoplanet community.

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I'm Kathy Mandt, from
the applied physics lab,

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and I am the project scientist

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for this mission concept.

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The principal investigator
is Alfred McEwan,

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and this mission was led

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out of the University of Arizona.

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To give a really brief overview
of the mission concept,

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we would launch in 2028,

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and we would go out to
Jupiter and orbit Jupiter

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for about nine years,

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or the mission length is about nine years.

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We would orbit inclined
to Jupiter's orbit plane

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by about 45 degrees, and we would conduct

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10 flybys of Io.

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The baseline mission has five instruments,

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and we have the option

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for a student collaboration instrument

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and a technology demonstration as well.

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So if we go to the next slide.

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So IVO, the theme or the motto of IVO

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is follow the heat.

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And that's because we are
going to be investigating

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tidal heating as a fundamental process.

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Now, tidal heating is really important

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because it's been recently recognized

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as a process that potentially
expands the habitable zone.

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The traditional habitable zone,

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which is very frequently
referenced in exoplanet science,

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is the region of a system where liquid...

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- [Host] Kathy, I think
your audio may have cut out.

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I'm not sure if it's just me though.

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- [Man] No, it looks like she's muted.

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- [Host] Oh, okay!

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Yeah!

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It seems like you might have double muted.

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Thank you, whoever said.

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- [Kathy] Okay, thank
you for catching that.

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So, how long have I been muted?

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- [Host] Not very long.

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(laughs)

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Not very long.
- Okay.

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That's weird, 'cause
I did not mute myself.

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(laughs)

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- [Host] No problem.

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- [Kathy] So, the Io Volcano
Observer, or IVO is...

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We have a motto of following the heat

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and our goal is to study tidal heating,

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because it's an important process

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that expands the habitable zone

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beyond the traditional habitable zone

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where liquid water is
visible on the surface.

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It's a process that allows icy moons

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in orbit around giant planets

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to develop a sub surface liquid ocean

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that could be habitable.

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And this is a major focus
of planetary science today,

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is figuring out which of these bodies

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that are shown in this figure
actually could host life.

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And some of them have been proven

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to have a liquid ocean
underneath, some of them have not.

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Now, the one unique one on there is Io.

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And Io is unique because it experiences

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the most tidal heating
out of all these bodies.

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And it's so intensely heated

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that it is the most
volcanically active body

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in the solar system.

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This makes it an ideal target

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for studying tidal heating
as a fundamental process

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because you can remotely
measure heat flow.

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So, if we go into the next slide.

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In late 2018, there was
a Keck Institute workshop

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that looked at tidal heating
as a fundamental process,

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and evaluated what questions
needed to be answered

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to really understand this process,

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and how it works at a planet or at a moon.

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And they identified five key questions

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that I won't go through maybe each time.

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But if we go onto the next slide,

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we have the science questions
that we will investigate.

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It's selected with IVO.

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And these science goals
were designed to answer

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every single one of those questions

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which came out of the
Keck Institute workshop.

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And these goals are how and
where is tidal heat generated?

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And how is tidal heat
transported to the surface.

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So, these are fundamental questions

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for understanding the process.

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And then we want to
know how Io is evolving,

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to where we look at and try to understand

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how tidal heat influences a
body or a planet long term.

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And we've got two figures here

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illustrating our approach for
answering these questions.

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The one on the right shows
four different models

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for what the interior
of Io could look like,

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and we've identified five
different measurements

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that can be named, that can differentiate

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between the four different models.

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So we want to know, is Io
an ocean world of its own?

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Does it have a magma subsurface ocean?

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If so, what's the thickness
of the lithosphere,

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and we have measurements
that can resolve that.

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On the bottom, we have a figure
showing volatile processes

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in the present time at Io.

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And we can make measurements

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for the composition of the atmosphere,

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and of the area around Io to
look at volatile processes.

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So if we go to the last slide.

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I want to just quickly
touch on the synergy

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between IVO and exoplanet science.

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And tidal heating is a fundamental process

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that is definitely of interest
to exoplanet scientists

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with the discovery of planets
orbiting close to their stars.

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They're definitely tidal heated

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and how does this process work

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on the interior of a planet?

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We would also be making never
before made measurements

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of this volcanic atmosphere
of Io in situ composition,

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and so that could have relevance

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to volcanic atmospheres of exoplanets.

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And then finally, we might have

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a science enhancement opportunity

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to image Jupiter as a
possible exoplanet analog,

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with cameras that would be very useful

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for the types of surfaces.

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So I will finish up there, and we can,

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then I take questions.

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- [Host] Thank you.

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Thank you, Kathy.

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Thank you, Sue, as well.

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And so, at this time we've got perhaps

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a little bit of time left.

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Maybe, does anyone have any questions?

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I don't see any in Slido as of yet.

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Give it a second in
case something pops up.

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So, I see one question here.

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I think perhaps this is for...

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Well, actually this is a question

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that could perhaps go to both of you.

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Is volcanism the only surface process

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caused by tidal heating?

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Maybe that's a Kathy question.

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But also...

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- [Kathy] That is a good question and I...

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I'm not exactly sure
on the answer to that.

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It's the one that we're most aware of.

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I think Europa experts
may have other processes

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that they would talk about.

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Maybe tectonic processes.

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I know Intellibus has these
tiger stripes that are heated.

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And that's where the
points are coming out of,

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and I don't know if they're
the tectonic processes or not

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and I'm getting outside
of my area of expertise.

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I'm an atmosphere person (laughs).

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But volcanic processes are
definitely the most obvious ones.

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- [Host] Sue, do you wanna chime in-

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- [Kathy] I don't know
if Sue has anything more.

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- [Sue] I remember being
asked to review a paper

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I think by Heady Tuttle about
formation of mountains and Ios

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I think due to...

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I mean, it's related to volcanic processes

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but loading in the surface
can deform tectonically

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as a result of volcanism.

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It's my understanding
and I'm no IVO expert.

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- [Kathy] Yeah.

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Yeah, that is a good point.

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The shapes of mountains and
how they could end up changing

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over the orbit of Io.